- Anatomical position: unless otherwise indicated , all references to the human body assume the anotomical position.
- Supine: The patient id lying on his back.
- Prone: The patient is lying face down on his stomach
- Lateral recumbant: the patient is lying on his left or right side.
- Fowler position: the patient on his back with his upper body elevated at a 45 dgrees
- Semi-Fowler position: the patient is lying on his back with his upper body elevated less than 45 degree.
- Trendelenburg position: The patient is lying on his back with his legs elevated higher than the head and the body is on a inclined plane.
- Shock position: the feet and legs are elevated approximatly 12 inches.
Identify each of the following anatomical terms:
- Midline: Visualize the normal anatomic position (patient facing you).Now imagine a line vertically from the middle of the patient's body. it divides the body into equal halves.
- Sagittal plane: a vertical plane that does not have to be equal on both sides.
- Frontal plane: divides the body into front and back halves.
- Transverse: horizontal plane which is parallel with the ground and divides the upper and lower body in half. axial plane.
- Midaxillary line: the patient is standing in profile. this plane go vertically from the armpit to the ankle.
- Midclavicular line: refers to the center of each of the collarbones
- Anterior and posterior'anterior id toward the front. Posterior is toward the back.
- Dorsal and ventral: Dorsal means toward the back or backbone spine. Ventral means toward the front or belly.
- Right and left: always the patients right or left.
- Superior and inferior: superior means toward the head or above the point of reference. In inferior means toward the feet.
- Medial and lateral: medial means toward the midline or center of the body. Lateral refers to the left or right of the midline, or away from the midline of the body.
- Proximal and distal: near the point of reference. Distal is distant, or far from the point of reference.
- Plantar: refers to the sole of the foot..
- Palmar: refers to the palm of the hand.
- Abdominal quadrants:
- left upper quadrant: liver (small portion), spleen, left kidney, stomach,colon, pancreas(small portion),small intestines.
- left lower quadrant: colon, small intestines,left ureter, left ovary (female), left fallopian tube(female)
- right upper quadrant: Liver, rt. kidney, colon, pancreas(small portion) gallbladder, small intestines.
- right lower quadrant: colon, small intestines, right ureter,appendix, right ovary (female), right fallopian tube (female)
State the function of each of the following musculoskeletal system structures:
- Skeletal muscle: makes it
- Tendons
- Ligaments
- bone
Describe each of the following components of the skeleton, including it's location, the bones that make it up, and it's function:
- Skull
- Cranium
- Face
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- Spinal column
- Cervical spine
- Thoracic spine
- Lumbar spine
- Sacral spine
- Coccyx
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- Thorax:
- sternum (including manubrium, body, and xiphoid process)
- Ribs
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- Pelvis
- Ilium and iliac crest
- Ischium
- pubis
- Acetabulum:
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- Upper extremities:
- Clavical
- Scapula, including olecranon process
- Carpals
- Metacarpals
- Phalanges
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- Lower extremities:
- Femur
- Patella
- Tibia, including medial malleolus
- Fibula, including lateral malleolus
- Tarsals, including the calcaneus
- Metatarsals
- Phalanges
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Demonstrate each of the following joint movements:
- Flexion and extension
- Adduction and abduction
- Circumduction
- Pronstion and supination
Describe each of the following types of joints:
- Ball-and-socket
- Hinge
- Pivot
- Gliding
- Saddle
- Conyloide
Differentiate between skeletal (voluntary), smooth (involuntary), and cardiac muscle:
Identify the basic functions of the repirtory system:
Identify the following structures of the respiratory system:
- Upper airway: nose, mouth, pharynx, nasopharynx, larynx:
- Lower airway: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
- epigottis
- lungs
- pleura
- diaphram
Identify important difference in respirtory system anatomy in children:
Describe the basic maechanics and physiology of normal ventilation, respiration, and oxygenation, including:
- Inhalation and exhalation
- use of intercostal muscles and diaphragm
- negitive and positve pressure
- nervous system control of respiration
- alveolar/capillary exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
- Capillary/cell exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Identify characteristics of both adequate and inadequate breathing.
List the functions of the circulatory (cardiovascular) system.
Describe the anatomy and physiology of the heart to include:
- location and size
- tissue layers
- chambers
- valves
- blood supply
- blood flow through the heart
- Conduction system
Discuss the anatomy and physiology of the blood, circulation, purfusion, and metabolism to convey basic comprehension of:
- Arteries and arterioles
- capillaries
- veins and venules
- blood composition
- perfusion and capillary exchange
- cell metabolism
Describe the basic functions of the nervous system.
Differentate between the structural components and basic functions of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system:
- voluntary (somatic) nervous system
- involuntary (autonomic) nervous system
- sympathetic division
- parasympathetic division
Describe the basic role of the reticular activationg systems (RSM) and cerebral hemisheres in conciousness and unconsciousnes.
Explain the overall function of the endocrine system:
- Tyroid gland
- parathyroid glands
- adreal glands
- gonads
- islets of langerhans of the pancreas of the pancreas, insulin, and glucagon
- pituatary gland
Describe the general actions of epinephrine and norepinephrine on beta1, beta2, alpha1, alpha2 receptors of the symathetic nervous system.
List the general fuctions of the integumentary system.
Identify the structures of the integumentary system, including the epidermis, dermis, and subcutanous layer.
Describe the basic anatomy and physiology of each of the following structures of the digestive system:
- stomach
- pancreas
- liver
- gallbladder
- small in testine (duodenum, jejun, ileum)
- colon
List the basic structure and function of the organs of the urinary or renal system to include:
- kidneys
- ureters
- uninary bladder
- urethra
State the basic structure function of the organs of the male and female reproductive systems:
- Male
- testes
- accessory glands
- penis
- Female
- ovaries
- fallopian tubes
- uterus
- vagina
- external genitalia
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